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托福(TOEFL)是国际性英誉乎语水平考试之一。它主要面向计划赴美或其他英语国家留学的非英语国家学生。托福考试内容包括听力、阅读、口语和写作四个部分。备考需要重点练习词汇和语法知识,提高阅读速度和理解能力。考生需提前在官方网站预约考试日期,考试在指定场地举行,持续约2.5小时。成绩通常10日内出具,为期2年。通过托福可以证明英语水平,被海外院校作为重要的录取参考因素。因此,托福备肆虚睁考工作对申请生影响很大。
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TPO模考工具是我没复备者含习嫌腔托福非常仿笑好的帮手，属于我们一定要好好利用，下面我给大家带来托福阅读真题:TPO11原文及答案，欢迎阅读参考！
托福阅读真题:TPO11原文
Ancient Egyptian Sculpture
In order to understand ancient Egyptian art, it is vital to know as much as possible of the elite Egyptians' view of the world and the functions and contexts of the art produced for them. Without this knowledge we can appreciate only the formal content of Egyptian art, and we will fail to understand why it was produced or the concepts that shaped it and caused it to adopt its distinctive forms. In fact, a lack of understanding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art has often led it to be compared unfavorably with the art of other cultures: Why did the Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the body turned and twisted through space like classical Greek statuary? Why do the artists seem to get left and right confused? And why did they not discover the geometric perspective as European artists did in the Renaissance? The answer to such questions has nothing to do with a lack of skill or imagination on the part of Egyptian artists and everything to do with the purposes for which they were producing their art.
The majority of three-dimensional representations, whether standing, seated, or kneeling, exhibit what is called frontality: they face straight ahead, neither twisting nor turning. When such statues are viewed in isolation, out of their original context and without knowledge of their function, it is easy to criticize them for their rigid attitudes that remained unchanged for three thousand years. Frontality is, however, directly related to the functions of Egyptian statuary and the contexts in which the statues were set up. Statues were created not for their decorative effect but to play a primary role in the cults of the gods, the king, and the dead. They were designed to be put in places where these beings could manifest themselves in order to be the recipients of ritual actions. Thus it made sense to show the statue looking ahead at what was happening in front of it, so that the living performer of the ritual could interact with the divine or deceased recipient. Very often such statues were enclosed in rectangular shrines or wall niches whose only opening was at the front, making it natural for the statue to display frontality. Other statues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting, for instance, in front of the monumental entrance gateways to temples known as pylons, or in pillared courts, where they would be placed against or between pillars: their frontality worked perfectly within the architectural context.
Statues were normally made of stone, wood, or metal. Stone statues were worked from single rectangular blocks of material and retained the compactness of the original shape. The stone between the arms and the body and between the legs in standing figures or the legs and the seat in seated ones was not normally cut away. From a practical aspect this protected the figures against breakage and psychologically gives the images a sense of strength and power, usually enhanced by a supporting back pillar. By contrast, wooden statues were carved from several pieces of wood that were pegged together to form the finished work, and metal statues were either made by wrapping sheet metal around a wooden core or cast by the lost wax process. The arms could be held away from the body and carry separate items in their hands; there is no back pillar. The effect is altogether lighter and freer than that achieved in stone, but because both perform the same function, formal wooden and metal statues still display frontality.
Apart from statues representing deities, kings, and named members of the elite that can be called formal, there is another group of three-dimensional representations that depicts generic figures, frequently servants, from the nonelite population. The function of these is quite different. Many are made to be put in the tombs of the elite in order to serve the tomb owners in the afterlife. Unlike formal statues that are limited to static poses of standing, sitting, and kneeling, these figures depict a wide range of actions, such as grinding grain, baking bread, producing pots, and making music, and they are shown in appropriate poses, bending and squatting as they carry out their tasks.
Paragraph 1: In order to understand ancient Egyptian art, it is vital to know as much as possible of the elite Egyptians' view of the world and the functions and contexts of the art produced for them. Without this knowledge we can appreciate only the formal content of Egyptian art, and we will fail to understand why it was produced or the concepts that shaped it and caused it to adopt its distinctive forms. In fact, a lack of understanding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art has often led it to be compared unfavorably with the art of other cultures: Why did the Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the body turned and twisted through space like classical Greek statuary? Why do the artists seem to get left and right confused? And why did they not discover the geometric perspective as European artists did in the Renaissance? The answer to such questions has nothing to do with a lack of skill or imagination on the part of Egyptian artists and everything to do with the purposes for which they were producing their art.
托福阅读真题:TPO11题目
1. The word “vital” in the passage is closest in meaning to
attractive
essential
usual
practical
2. Paragraph 1 suggests that one reason Egyptian art is viewed less favorably than other art is that Egyptian art lacks
a realistic sense of human body proportion
a focus on distinctive forms of varying sizes
the originality of European art
the capacity to show the human body in motion
3. In paragraph 1, the author mentions all of the following as necessary in appreciating Egyptian art EXCEPT an understanding of
the reasons why the art was made
the nature of aristocratic Egyptian beliefs
the influences of Egyptian art on later art such as classical Greek art
how the art was used
Paragraph 2: The majority of three-dimensional representations, whether standing, seated, or kneeling, exhibit what is called frontality: they face straight ahead, neither twisting nor turning. When such statues are viewed in isolation, out of their original context and without knowledge of their function, it is easy to criticize them for their rigid attitudes that remained unchanged for three thousand years. Frontality is, however, directly related to the functions of Egyptian statuary and the contexts in which the statues were set up. Statues were created not for their decorative effect but to play a primary role in the cults of the gods, the king, and the dead. They were designed to be put in places where these beings could manifest themselves in order to be the recipients of ritual actions. Thus it made sense to show the statue looking ahead at what was happening in front of it, so that the living performer of the ritual could interact with the divine or deceased recipient. Very often such statues were enclosed in rectangular shrines or wall niches whose only opening was at the front, making it natural for the statue to display frontality. Other statues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting, for instance, in front of the monumental entrance gateways to temples known as pylons, or in pillared courts, where they would be placed against or between pillars: their frontality worked perfectly within the architectural context.
4. According to paragraph 2, why are Egyptian statues portrayed frontality?
To create a psychological effect of distance and isolation
To allow them to fulfill their important role in ceremonies of Egyptian life
To provide a contrast to statues with a decorative function
To suggest the rigid, unchanging Egyptian philosophical attitudes
5. The word “context” in the passage is closest in meaning to
connection
influence
environment
requirement
6. The author mentions “an architectural setting” in the passage in order to
suggest that architecture was as important as sculpture to Egyptian artists
offer a further explanation for the frontal pose of Egyptian statues
explain how the display of statues replaced other forms of architectural decoration
illustrate the religious function of Egyptian statues
7. The word “they” in the passage refers to
statues
gateways
temples
pillared courts
Paragraph 3: Statues were normally made of stone, wood, or metal. Stone statues were worked from single rectangular blocks of material and retained the compactness of the original shape. The stone between the arms and the body and between the legs in standing figures or the legs and the seat in seated ones was not normally cut away. From a practical aspect this protected the figures against breakage and psychologically gives the images a sense of strength and power, usually enhanced by a supporting back pillar. By contrast, wooden statues were carved from several pieces of wood that were pegged together to form the finished work, and metal statues were either made by wrapping sheet metal around a wooden core or cast by the lost wax process. The arms could be held away from the body and carry separate items in their hands; there is no back pillar. The effect is altogether lighter and freer than that achieved in stone, but because both perform the same function, formal wooden and metal statues still display frontality.
8. According to paragraph 3, why were certain areas of a stone statue left uncarved?
To prevent damage by providing physical stability
To emphasize that the material was as important as the figure itself
To emphasize that the figure was not meant to be a real human being
To provide another artist with the chance to finish the carving
9. The word “core” in the passage is closest in meaning to
material
layer
center
frame
10. According to paragraph 3, which of the following statements about wooden statues is true?
Wooden statues were usually larger than stone statues.
Wooden statues were made from a single piece of wood.
Wooden statues contained pieces of metal or stone attached to the front.
Wooden statues had a different effect on the viewer than stone statues.
Paragraph 4: Apart from statues representing deities, kings, and named members of the elite that can be called formal, there is another group of three-dimensional representations that depicts generic figures, frequently servants, from the nonelite population. The function of these is quite different. Many are made to be put in the tombs of the elite in order to serve the tomb owners in the afterlife. Unlike formal statues that are limited to static poses of standing, sitting, and kneeling, these figures depict a wide range of actions, such as grinding grain, baking bread, producing pots, and making music, and they are shown in appropriate poses, bending and squatting as they carry out their tasks.
11. The word depicts in the passage is closest in meaning to
imagines
classifies
elevates
portrays
12. According to paragraph 4, what is the difference between statues that represent the Egyptian elite and statues that represent the nonelite classes?
Statues of the elite are included in tombs, but statues of the nonelite are not.
Statues of the elite are in motionless poses, while statues of the nonelite are in active poses.
Statues of the elite are shown standing, while statues of the nonelite are shown sitting or kneeling.
Statues of the elite serve an important function, while statues of the nonelite are decorative.
Paragraph 4: Apart from statues representing deities, kings, and named members of the elite that can be called formal, there is another group of three-dimensional representations that depicts generic figures, frequently servants, from the nonelite population. The function of these is quite different. Many are made to be put in the tombs of the elite in order to serve the tomb owners in the afterlife. Unlike formal statues that are limited to static poses of standing, sitting, and kneeling, these figures depict a wide range of actions, such as grinding grain, baking bread, producing pots, and making music, and they are shown in appropriate poses, bending and squatting as they carry out their tasks.
13. Look at the four squares [] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
In fact, it is the action and not the figure itself that is important.
Where would the sentence best fit?
14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
The distinctive look of ancient Egyptian sculpture was determined largely by its function.
Answer Choices
The twisted forms of Egyptian statues indicate their importance in ritual actions.
The reason Egyptian statues are motionless is linked to their central role in cultural rituals.
Stone, wood, and metal statues all display the feature of frontality.
Statues were more often designed to be viewed in isolation rather than placed within buildings.
The contrasting poses used in statues of elite and nonelite Egyptians reveal their difference in social status.
Although the appearances of formal and generic statues differ, they share the same function.
托福阅读真题:TPO11答案
1. 2
2. 4
3. 3
4. 2
5. 3
6. 2
7. 1
8.1
9. 3
10. 4
11. 4
12. 2
13. 4
14. The reason Egyptian
Stone, wood, and
The contrasting poses
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为了帮助大家备考托福阅吵弯败读，提高阅读成绩，下面我给大家带来托福阅读TPO33(试题+答案+翻译)第3篇:灭绝事件，希望大家喜欢！
托福阅闹脊读TPO33阅读原文
Extinction Episodes of the Past
【1】升颤It was not until the Cambrian period, beginning about 600 million years ago, that a great proliferation of macroscopic species occurred on Earth and produced a fossil record that allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity. Since the Cambrian period, biodiversity has generally risen, but there have been some notable exceptions. Biodiversity collapsed dramatically during at least five periods because of mass extinctions around the globe. The five major mass extinctions receive most of the attention, but they are only one end of a spectrum of extinction events. Collectively, more species went extinct during smaller events that were less dramatic but more frequent. The best known of the five major extinction events, the one that saw the demise of the dinosaurs, is the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction.
【2】Starting about 280 million years ago, reptiles were the dominant large animals in terrestrial environments. In popular language this was the era “when dinosaurs ruled Earth,” when a wide variety of reptile species occupying many ecological niches. However, no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely, and when, after over 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end about 65 million years ago, mammals began to flourish, evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species, including bats and whales, that we know today. Paleontologists label this point in Earth’s history as the end of the Cretaceous period and the beginning of the Tertiary period, often abbreviated as the K-T boundary. This time was also marked by changes in many other types of organisms. Overall, about 38 percent of the families of marine animals were lost, with percentages much higher in some groups Ammonoid mollusks went from being very diverse and abundant to being extinct. An extremely abundant set of planktonic marine animals called foraminifera largely disappeared, although they rebounded later. Among plants, the K-T boundary saw a sharp but brief rise in the abundance of primitive vascular plants such as ferns, club mosses, horsetails, and conifers and other gymnosperms. The number of flowering plants (angiosperms) was reduced at this time, but they then began to increase dramatically.
【3】What caused these changes? For many years scientists assumed that a cooling of the climate was responsible, with dinosaurs being particularly vulnerable because, like modern reptiles, they were ectothermic (dependent on environmental heat, or cold-blooded). It is now widely believed that at least some species of dinosaurs had a metabolic rate high enough for them to be endotherms (animals that maintain a relatively consistent body temperature by generating heat internally). Nevertheless, climatic explanations for the K-T extinction are not really challenged by the ideas that dinosaurs may have been endothermic, because even endotherms can be affected by a significant change in the climate.
【4】Explanations for the K-T extinction were revolutionized in 1980 when a group of physical scientists led by Luis Alvarez proposed that 65 million years ago Earth was stuck by a 10-kilometer-wide meteorite traveling at 90,000 kilometers per hour. They believed that this impact generated a thick cloud of dust that enveloped Earth, shutting out much of the incoming solar radiation and reducing plant photosynthesis to very low levels. Short-term effects might have included huge tidal waves and extensive fires. In other words, a series of events arising from a single cataclysmic event caused the massive extinctions. Initially, the meteorite theory was based on a single line of evidence. At locations around the globe, geologists had found an unusually high concentration of iridium in the layer of sedimentary rocks that was formed about 65 million years ago. Iridium is an element that is usually uncommon near Earth’s surface, but it is abundant in some meteorites. Therefore, Alvarez and his colleagues concludedthat it was likely that the iridium in sedimentary rocks deposited at the K-T boundary had originated in a giant meteorite or asteroid. Most scientist came to accept the meteorite theory after evidence came to light that a circular formation, 180 kilometers in diameter in diameter and centered on the north coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, was created by a meteorite impact about 65 million years ago.
托福阅读TPO33阅读试题
1.The word "proliferation" in the passage (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to
A.decline.
B.extinction.
C.increase.
D.migration.
2.Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about life on Earth before the Cambrian period?
A.Biodiversity levels were steady, as indicated by the fossil record.
B.Levels of biodiversity could not be tracked.
C.The most dramatic extinction episode occurred.
D.Few microscopic species existed.
3.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A.The dominance of dinosaurs came to an end 65 million years ago, at which time mammals began to flourish and diversify.
B.Because no group of species can remain dominant forever, mammals became the dominant group when dinosaurs became extinct.
C.After being the dominant group for more than 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end 65 million years ago.
D.The diverse group of mammals that we know today, including bats and whales, evolved from small terrestrial forms that had been dominated by dinosaurs.
4.According to paragraph 2, why are dinosaurs popularly said to have "ruled Earth" during the Cretaceous period?
A.Dinosaurs were the only species of reptile that existed during the whole of the Cretaceous period.
B.Dinosaurs won the battle for food resources over mammals during the Cretaceous period.
C.Dinosaurs survived extinction during the Cretaceous period, whereas many other animal species did not.
D.Dinosaurs were the physically and ecologically dominant animals during the Cretaceous period.
5.According to paragraph 2, which of the following species initially increased in number at the K-T boundary?
A.Dinosaurs.
B.Foraminifera.
C.Ferns.
D.Ammonoid mollusks.
6.Why does the author note that "even endotherms can be affected by a significant change in the climate"(paragraph 3)?
A.To argue that there was a significant climate at the time that endothermic dinosaurs became extinct.
B.To argue that climate change caused some dinosaurs to evolve as endotherms.
C.To support the view that at least some of the dinosaurs that became extinct were endotherms.
D.To defend climate change as possible explanation for the extinction of dinosaurs.
7.The word "generated"(paragraph 4) in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.collected.
B.produced.
C.spread.
D.added.
8.The word "extensive"(paragraph 4) in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.widespread.
B.sudden.
C.numerous.
D.subsequent.
9.According to paragraph 4, all of the following contributed to the massive extinctions of the K-T period EXCEPT:
A.tidal waves.
B.fires.
C.insufficient solar radiation.
D.iridium.
10.According to paragraph 4, which of the following statements explains the importance of the discovery of high levels of iridium rocks?
A.It provided evidence that overexposure to solar radiation led to the K-T extinction.
B.It showed that more than one cataclysmic event was responsible for the K-T extinction.
C.It suggested that the cause of the K-T extinction may have been a meteorite striking Earth.
D.It provided evidence that the K-T extinction occurred 65 million years ago.
11.According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about the Yucatan Peninsula?
A.The circular formation there was caused by a meteorite impact 65 million years ago.
B.Sedimentary rocks from that area have the lowest iridium concentration of any rocks on Earth.
C.There is evidence that a huge tidal wave occurred there 65 million years ago.
D.Evidence found there challenged the meteorite impact theory.
12.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 about the meteorite theory?
A.The data originally presented as evidence for the theory were eventually rejected.
B.Many scientists did not accept it when it was first proposed.
C.It has not been widely accepted as an explanation for the K-T extinction.
D.Alvarez subsequently revised it after a circular formation was found in the Yucatan Peninsula.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? This focused on the chemical composition of ancient rocks.
Explanations for the K-T extinction were revolutionized in 1980 when a group of physical scientists led by Luis Alvarez proposed that 65 million years ago Earth was stuck by a 10-kilometer-wide meteorite traveling at 90,000 kilometers per hour. They believed that this impact generated a thick cloud of dust that enveloped Earth, shutting out much of the incoming solar radiation and reducing plant photosynthesis to very low levels. Short-term effects might have included huge tidal waves and extensive fires. In other words, a series of events arising from a single cataclysmic event caused the massive extinctions. ■【A】Initially, the meteorite theory was based on a single line of evidence. ■【B】At locations around the globe, geologists had found an unusually high concentration of iridium in the layer of sedimentary rocks that was formed about 65 million years ago. ■【C】Iridium is an element that is usually uncommon near Earth's surface, but it is abundant in some meteorites. ■【D】Therefore, Alvarez and his colleagues concluded that it was likely that the iridium in sedimentary rocks deposited at the K-T boundary had originated in a giant meteorite or asteroid. Most scientist came to accept the meteorite theory after evidence came to light that a circular formation, 180 kilometers in diameter in diameter and centered on the north coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, was created by a meteorite impact about 65 million years ago.
14. Prose Summary
The K-T extinction 65 million years ago is the best known of the five major extinction episodes since the Cambrian period.
A.Collectively, the five major extinction episodes resulted in the elimination of a larger number of species than did all the minor extinction events.
B.The K-T extinction eliminated the dinosaurs and ammonoid mollusks but was followed by the diversification of mammals and gymnospermous plants.
C.An extreme cooling of the climate could not have caused the K-T extinction of dinosaurs, because, while most dinosaurs depended on environmental heat, some did not.
D.The K-T extinction of the dinosaurs is the only mass extinction that has been explained by the impact of a meteorite.
E.In 1980 Luis Alvarez proposed that the K-T extinction was caused by ecological disasters brought about by the impact of a meteorite striking Earth.
F.A high concentration of iridium in sedimentary rocks at the K-T boundary and a large impact crater in the Yucatan Peninsula from 65 million years ago strongly support Alvarez' hypothesis.
托福阅读TPO33阅读答案
1.proliferation，繁殖，激增，对应C。
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