托福tpo阅读原文？A great deal选项对应原文第四段第三句,属于sleep部分。Upper airways选项原文没说,不选。There is选项对应原文第六段第二句,属于sleep部分。Automatic选项对应原文第二段首句,属于wakeful部分。那么，托福tpo阅读原文？一起来了解一下吧。

托福考试模拟题

为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面我给大家带来托福阅读TPO24(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:Breathing During Sleep，希望大家喜欢!

托福阅读原文

【1】Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in respiratory control are most dramatic. Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they function. Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep, making the contractions of the diaphragm more important. Yet because of the physics of lying down, the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job. However, there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep.

【2】During wakefulness, breathing is controlled by two interacting systems. The first is an automatic, metabolic system whose control is centered in the brain stem. It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), and the acid-base ratio in the blood. The second system is the voluntary, behavioral system. Its control center is based in the forebrain, and it regulates breathing for use in speech, singing, sighing, and so on. It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic, metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing.

【3】During NREM (the phase of sleep in which there is no rapid eye movement) breathing becomes deeper and more regular, but there is also a decrease in the breathing rate, resulting in less air being exchanged overall. This occurs because during NREM sleep the automatic, metabolic system has exclusive control over breathing and the body uses less oxygen and produces less carbon dioxide. Also, during sleep the automatic metabolic system is less responsive to carbon dioxide levels and oxygen levels in the blood. Two things result from these changes in breathing control that occur during sleep. First, there may be a brief cessation or reduction of breathing when falling asleep as the sleeper waxes and wanes between sleep and wakefulness and their differing control mechanisms. Second, once sleep is fully obtained, there is an increase of carbon dioxide and a decrease of oxygen in the blood that persists during NREM.

【4】But that is not all that changes. During all phases of sleep, several changes in the air passages have been observed. It takes twice as much effort to breathe during sleep because of greater resistance to airflow in the airways and changes in the efficiency of the muscles used for breathing. Some of the muscles that help keep the upper airway open when breathing tend to become more relaxed during sleep, especially during REM (the phase of sleep in which there is rapid eye movement). Without this muscular action, inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon—the narrow passages tend to collapse. Also there is a regular cycle of change in resistance between the two sides of the nose. If something blocks the "good" side, such as congestion from allergies or a cold, then resistance increases dramatically. Coupled with these factors is the loss of the complex interactions among the muscles that can change the route of airflow from nose to mouth.

【5】Other respiratory regulating mechanisms apparently cease functioning during sleep. For example, during wakefulness there is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort when inhaling is made more difficult (such as breathing through a restrictive face mask). This reflexive adjustment is totally absent during NREM sleep. Only after several inadequate breaths under such conditions, resulting in the considerable elevation of carbon dioxide and reduction of oxygen in the blood, is breathing effort adjusted. Finally, the coughing reflex in reaction to irritants in the airway produces not a cough during sleep but a cessation of breathing. If the irritation is severe enough, a sleeping person will arouse, clear the airway, then resume breathing and likely return to sleep.

【6】Additional breathing changes occur during REM sleep that are even more dramatic than the changes that occur during NREM. The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM than NREM because, although breathing is more rapid in REM,it is also more irregular, with brief episodes of shallow breathing or absence of breathing. In addition, breathing during REM depends much more on the action of the diaphragm and much less on rib cage action.

托福阅读试题

1.According to paragraph 1, which of the following can be inferred about the diaphragm during sleep?

A.During sleep the diaphragm requires increased movement of the rib cage.

B.The diaphragm helps with breathing as movements of the rib cage decrease during sleep.

C.The diaphragm requires a great amount of pressure to function properly.

D.The diaphragm contributes to the effective functioning of the rib cage.

2.According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the voluntary breathing system EXCEPT:

A.It has its control center in the brain stem.

B.It controls breathing for a number of activities during wakefulness.

C.It is able to bypass the automatic system.

D.It produces an irregular breathing pattern.

3.The word exclusive in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to

A.consistent

B.perfect

C.partial

D.sole

4.According to paragraph 3, which of the following may occur just before NREM sleep begins?

A.The automatic, metabolic system may increase its dependence on air exchanges.

B.Breathing can stop for a short time as a person falls asleep.

C.An increase in the oxygen level in the blood can occur as sleep becomes fully obtained.

D.The level of carbon dioxide in the blood may drop suddenly.

5.What is the author's purpose in stating that inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon?(in paragraph 4)

A.To refute the argument that additional effort is necessary for breathing during sleep.

B.To argue that REM sleep is more important than NREM sleep.

C.To illustrate the difficulty of breathing during sleep.

D.To illustrate how blockage of narrow passages can be prevented during sleep.

6.All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as being characteristic of breathing during sleep EXCEPT

A.relaxation of the muscles involved in the respiratory system.

B.changes in resistance between the two sides of the nose.

C.easier airflow in the passages of the upper airway.

D.absence of certain complex muscle interactions.

7.According to paragraph 5, what happens during NREM sleep when inhaling is difficult?

A.There is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort.

B.The sleeping person takes several inadequate breaths before the breathing effort is adjusted.

C.The coughing reflex causes the breathing effort to adjust.

D.The airways become cleared as the blood removes irritants.

8.It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that a very mild irritation during sleep will likely cause the sleeping person to

A.increase the breathing effort.

B.wake up and remove the source of irritation.

C.cough while still sleeping.

D.stop breathing temporarily while still sleeping.

9.The word considerable (paragraph 5)meaning to

A.significant.

B.Steady.

C.Usual.

D.necessary.

10.The word resume in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to

A.reduce.

B.stop.

C.readjust.

D.restart.

11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage (paragraph 6)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.Because breathing is more shallow and irregular in REM than in NREM, less air is exchanged in REM.

B.Breathing in NREM is less effective than breathing in REM because of irregular episodes of rapid breathing during NREM.

C.Because breathing is more rapid in NREM sleep than in REM sleep, breathing often becomes shallow.

D.Although REM has brief episodes of shallow breathing or lack of breathing, breathing is more rapid than in NREM.

12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. To better understand breathing during sleep, it is, however, helpful to first understand how respiration works in general.

paragraph1: Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in respiratory control are most dramatic. Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they function. Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep, making the contractions of the diaphragm more important. [■]【A】 Yet because of the physics of lying down, the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job. [■]【B】 However, there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep.

paragraph2: [■]【C】 During wakefulness, breathing is controlled by two interacting systems. [■]【D】The first is an automatic, metabolic system whose control is centered in the brain stem. It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), and the acid-base ratio in the blood. The second system is the voluntary, behavioral system. Its control center is based in the forebrain, and it regulates breathing for use in speech, singing, sighing, and so on. It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic, metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing.

13.Directions: From the seven statements below, select the statements that correctly characterize breathing during wakefulness and those statements that correctly characterize breathing during sleep. Drag each answer choice you select into the appropriate box of the table. Two of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.

A.The role of the rib cage increases and the role of the diaphragm decreases.

B.Carbon dioxide in blood rises and oxygen drops.

C.The coughing reflex is extremely complex.

D.A great deal of effort is used for breathing.

E.Upper airways are resistant to colds and allergies.

F.There is a drop in the volume of air that is exchanged.

G.Automatic and voluntary respiratory systems are both involved.

1 )

Wakefulne

A B C D E F G

2 )

Sleep

A B C D E F G

托福阅读答案

1.以diaphragm做关键词定位至第三句和第四句，说ribcage运动变少，使得diaphragm更重要，但stomach的压力使得diaphragm工作起来更困难，B是正确答案。

托福tpo62

为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面我给大家带来托福阅读TPO21(试题+答案+译文)第一篇:Geothermal Energy，希望大家喜欢！

托福阅读原文

【1】Earth's internal heat, fueled by radioactivity, provides the energy for plate tectonics and continental drift, mountain building, and earthquakes. It can also be harnessed to drive electric generators and heat homes. Geothermal energy becomes available in a practical form when underground heat is transferred by water that is heated as it passes through a subsurface region of hot rocks (a heat reservoir) that may be hundreds or thousands of feet deep. The water is usually naturally occurring groundwater that seeps down along fractures in the rock; less typically, the water is artificially introduced by being pumped down from the surface. The water is brought to the surface, as a liquid or steam, through holes drilled for the purpose.

【2】By far the most abundant form of geothermal energy occurs at the relatively low temperatures of 80° to 180° centigrade. Water circulated through heat reservoirs in this temperature range is able to extract enough heat to warm residential, commercial, and industrial spaces. More than 20,000 apartments in France are now heated by warm underground water drawn from a heat reservoir in a geologic structure near Paris called the Paris Basin. Iceland sits on a volcanic structure known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, is entirely heated by geothermal energy derived from volcanic heat.

【3】Geothermal reservoirs with temperatures above 180° centigrade are useful for generating electricity. They occur primarily in regions of recent volcanic activity as hot, dry rock; natural hot water; or natural steam. The latter two sources are limited to those few areas where surface water seeps down through underground faults or fractures to reach deep rocks heated by the recent activity of molten rock material. The world's largest supply of natural steam occurs at The Geysers, 120 kilometers north of San Francisco, California. In the 1990s enough electricity to meet about half the needs of San Francisco was being generated there. This facility was then in its third decade of production and was beginning to show signs of decline, perhaps because of over development. By the late 1990s some 70 geothermal electric-generating plants were in operation in California, Utah, Nevada, and Hawaii, generating enough power to supply about a million people. Eighteen countries now generate electricity using geothermal heat.

【4】Extracting heat from very hot, dry rocks presents a more difficult problem: the rocks must be fractured to permit the circulation of water, and the water must be provided artificially. The rocks are fractured by water pumped down at very high pressures. Experiments are under way to develop technologies for exploiting this resource.

【5】Like most other energy sources, geothermal energy presents some environmental problems. The surface of the ground can sink if hot groundwater is withdrawn without being replaced. In addition, water heated geothermally can contain salts and toxic materials dissolved from the hot rock. These waters present a disposal problem if they are not returned to the ground from which they were removed.

【6】The contribution of geothermal energy to the world's energy future is difficult to estimate. Geothermal energy is in a sense not renewable, because in most cases the heat would be drawn out of a reservoir much more rapidly than it would be replaced by the very slow geological processes by which heat flows through solid rock into a heat reservoir. However, in many places (for example, California, Hawaii, the Philippines, Japan, Mexico, the rift valleys of Africa)the resource is potentially so large that its future will depend on the economics of production. At present, we can make efficient use of only naturally occurring hot water or steam deposits. Although the potential is enormous, it is likely that in the near future geothermal energy can make important local contributions only where the resource is close to the user and the economics are favorable, as they are in California, New Zealand, and Iceland. Geothermal energy probably will not make large-scale contributions to the world energy budget until well into the twenty-first century, if ever.

托福阅读试题

1.According to the processes described in paragraph 1, what is the relationship between radioactivity and the steam produced by geothermal heat?

A.Geothermally heated steam is produced when water is exposed to radioactivity deep underground.

B.When water is introduced into holes drilled thousands of feet in the ground, it becomes radioactive and turns to steam.

C.Radioactivity heats Earth's interior rock, which in turn can heat water to the point it becomes steam.

D.When a reservoir of steam in subsurface rock is produced by radioactivity, it is said to be geothermally heated.

2.The word "practical" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to

A.usable.

B.plentiful.

C.economical.

D.familiar.

3.The word "abundant" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

A.economical.

B.familiar.

C.plentiful.

D.useful.

4.According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about heat reservoirs with a temperature in the range of 80°to 180° centigrade?

A.They are under international control.

B.They are more common than reservoirs that have a higher temperature.

C.Few of them produce enough heat to warm large industrial spaces.

D.They are used to generate electricity.

5.According to paragraph 3, what is the connection between underground faults and naturally occurring steam?

A.Underground faults enable the heat from molten-rock material to escape upward to regions where it can heat surface water enough to produce steam.

B.Underground faults are created by steam that is produced in geothermal reservoirs deep inside Earth.

C.Underground faults create spaces in which natural steam is sometimes trapped.

D.Underground faults allow surface water to reach deep rocks that are hot enough to turn it into steam.

6.In paragraph 3, why does the author mention that in the 1990s The Geysers was in its third decade of production?

A.To provide the historical context of the geothermal production of electricity in the United States.

B.To imply that The Geysers was the first geothermal site to be put into production in California.

C.To help explain the signs of decline shown by The Geysers.

D.To explain why 70 new geothermal sites were put into electricity production in the late 1990s.

7.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraphs 2 and 3 about geothermal reservoirs?

A.Volcanic heat is associated only with geothermal reservoirs that have a temperature over 180° centigrade.

B.More countries produce power from geothermal reservoirs than use them for heating buildings.

C.Most geothermal reservoirs are suitable for producing electricity.

D.A higher geothermal reservoir temperature is needed to generate electricity than is needed to heat homes.

8.According to paragraph 4, extracting heat from very hot, dry rocks is difficult in part because

A.the underground rock must be fractured before heat can be removed from it.

B.the water above the rock is under very high pressure.

C.the rock breaks apart when water is pumped into it.

D.the water circulated through the rock must be much cooler than the rock itself.

9.The word "exploiting" in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to

A.locating.

B.increasing.

C.making use of.

D.estimating the size of.

10.How is the problem that the surface may sink related to the problem that water heated geothermally may contain toxic materials?

A.Both problems could be solved by returning groundwater that is removed from an underground heat reservoir back to the reservoir after heat is extracted from it.

B.The problem of sinking is more difficult to solve than is the problem of toxic materials.

C.Land at the surface sinks because the rock beneath the surface is weakened when salts and toxic materials are removed from it in the process of extracting geothermal energy.

D.Both problems are caused by the fact that the hot groundwater in a heat reservoir dissolves the rock, which weakens the rock and makes the water toxic with salt.

11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 6? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.Heat flows through solid rock very slowly, so it takes a very long time for geological processes to produce a reservoir of geothermal energy.

B.Geothermal energy is not renewable because heat flows very slowly through solid rock into or out of a heat reservoir.

C.The heat quickly removed from a heat reservoir is replaced so slowly by geological processes that geothermal energy is not practically speaking, renewable.

D.In most cases, heat travels into a heat reservoir so slowfy that it is a much quicker process to remove the heat from a reservoir than to replace it.

12.In paragraph 6, the author implies that in California, Hawaii, the Philippines, Japan, Mexico, and the rift valleys of Africa the potential size of the geothermal resource is so large that

A.it might be economically worth developing these sites even though geothermal energy is not renewable.

B.these sites will be the first geothermal energy sites to be developed with new technology.

C.these sites are likely to make a large-scale contribution to the world energy budget in the twenty-first century.

D.it does not matter whether they have naturally occurring deposits of hot water or steam.

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. In either case, the heated water will usually be under considerable pressure, and so may have a temperature that is well above its sea-level boiling point of 100° centigrade.

Earth's internal heat, fueled by radioactivity, provides the energy for plate tectonics and continental drift, mountain building, and earthquakes. It can also be harnessed to drive electric generators and heat homes. Geothermal energy becomes available in a practical form when underground heat is transferred by water that is heated as it passes through a subsurface region of hot rocks (a heat reservoir) that may be hundreds or thousands of feet deep. ■【A】The water is usually naturally occurring groundwater that seeps down along fractures in the rock; less typically, the water is artificially introduced by being pumped down from the surface. ■【B】The water is brought to the surface, as a liquid or steam, through holes drilled for the purpose.■【C】

By far the most abundant form of geothermal energy occurs at the relatively low temperatures of 80° to 180° centigrade. ■【D】Water circulated through heat reservoirs in this temperature range is able to extract enough heat to warm residential, commercial, and industrial spaces. More than 20,000 apartments in France are now heated by warm underground water drawn from a heat reservoir in a geologic structure near Paris called the Paris Basin. Iceland sits on a volcanic structure known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, is entirely heated by geothermal energy derived from volcanic heat.

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Heat reservoirs in the form of hot rock far beneath Earth's surface are a potential source of usable geothermal energy.

A.Heat reservoirs with a temperature from 80° to 180° centigrade can be used, as in France and Iceland, to heat buildings.

B.A number of countries now use geothermal reservoirs that contain water or steam above 180° centigrade to generate electricity.

C.Most heat reservoirs with a temperature above 180° centigrade cannot be used for energy because they are usually too close to recent volcanic activity.

D.The sinking of land above heat reservoirs and other environmental problems arise when water is pumped into a heat reservoir under high pressure.

E.Experiments are under way to determine if geothermally heated waters could be used as a source of certain minerals that have been dissolved out of hot rocks deep within Earth.

F.A number of issues, including how to extract heat from reservoirs that do not have a natural supply of water, will significantly limit the use of geothermal energy for the foreseeable future.

托福阅读答案

1.细节题，问radioactivity和steam的关系，所以找双关键词，分别定位至本段第一句和最后一句，第一句说radioactivity提供了地球的内热，最后一句说水变成蒸汽到达地表，水受热才能蒸汽，而这份热量是geothermal energy提供的，这就是二者的关系，所以答案是C。

托福零基础备考如何准备

托福TPO是托福备考小伙伴们最重要的参考资料，并且这个是在备考时候一定要认真多多练习，托福TPO是非常重要的希望大家一定要重视起来，我为广大的托福考生整理了托福阅读TPO10(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Chinese Pottery，下面就来跟我一起来看下面精彩内容吧!

托福阅读原文

China has one of the world's oldestcontinuous civilizations—despite invasions and occasional foreign rule. Acountry as vast as China with so long-lasting a civilization has a complexsocial and visual history, within which pottery and porcelain play a majorrole.

The function and status of ceramics inChina varied from dynasty to dynasty, so they may be utilitarian, burial,trade-collectors', or even ritual objects, according to their quality and theera in which they were made. The ceramics fall into three broadtypes—earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain—for vessels, architectural itemssuch as roof tiles, and modeled objects and figures. In addition, there was animportant group of sculptures made for religious use, the majority of whichwere produced in earthenware.

The earliest ceramics were fired toearthenware temperatures, but as early as the fifteenth century B.C.,high-temperature stone wares were being made with glazed surfaces. During theSix Dynasties period (AD 265-589), kilns in north China were producinghigh-fired ceramics of good quality. White wares produced in Hebei and Henanprovinces from the seventh to the tenth centuries evolved into the highlyprized porcelains of the Song dynasty (AD. 960-1279), long regarded as one ofthe high points in the history of China's ceramic industry. The tradition ofreligious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearlydelineated than that of stone wares or porcelains, for it embraces the oldcustom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images andarchitectural ornament. Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb modelsof the Han dynasty, three-color lead-glazed vessels and figures of the Tangdynasty, and Ming three-color temple ornaments, in which the motifs wereoutlined in a raised trail of slip—as well as the many burial ceramics producedin imitation of vessels made in materials of higher intrinsic value.

Trade between the West and the settled andprosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies.One of the most far-reaching examples is the impact of the fine ninth-centuryAD. Chinese porcelain wares imported into the Arab world. So admired were thesepieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation ofporcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture. Fromthe Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment—a purified form of cobaltoxide unobtainable at that time in China—that contained only a low level ofmanganese. Cobalt ores found in China have a high manganese content, whichproduces a more muted blue-gray color. In the seventeenth century, the tradingactivities of the Dutch East India Company resulted in vast quantities ofdecorated Chinese porcelain being brought to Europe, which stimulated andinfluenced the work of a wide variety of wares, notably Delft. The Chinesethemselves adapted many specific vessel forms from the West, such as bottleswith long spouts, and designed a range of decorative patterns especially forthe European market.

Just as painted designs on Greek pots mayseem today to be purely decorative, whereas in fact they were carefully andprecisely worked out so that at the time, their meaning was clear, so it iswith Chinese pots. To twentieth-centuryeyes, Chinese pottery may appear merely decorative, yet to the Chinese the formof each object and its adornment had meaning and significance. The dragonrepresented the emperor, and the phoenix, the empress; the pomegranateindicated fertility, and a pair of fish, happiness; mandarin ducks stood forwedded bliss; the pine tree, peach, and crane are emblems of long life; and fishleaping from waves indicated success in the civil service examinations. Onlywhen European decorative themes were introduced did these meanings becomeobscured or even lost.

From early times pots were used in bothreligious and secular contexts. The imperial court commissioned work and in theYuan dynasty (A.D. 1279-1368) an imperial ceramic factory was established atJingdezhen. Pots played an important part in some religious ceremonies. Longand often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist that assistin classifying pots, although these sometimes confuse an already large andcomplicated picture.

托福阅读试题

1. The word “status” in thepassage(Paragraph 2)is closest in meaning to

A.origin

B. importance

C.quality

D.design

2.According to paragraph 2, which of thefollowing is true of Chinese ceramics?

A. The function of ceramics remained thesame from dynasty to dynasty.

B.The use of ceramics as trade objects isbetter documented than the use of ceramics as ritual objects.

C. There was little variation in qualityfor any type of ceramics over time.

D.Some religious sculptures were made usingthe earthenware type of ceramics.

3.The word “evolve” in the passage(Paragraph3)is closest in meaning to

A. divided

B.extended

C.developed

D. vanished

4.Which of the sentences below bestexpresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence(Paragraph 3) inthe passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leaveout essential information.

A.While stone wares and porcelains arefound throughout most historical periods, religious sculpture is limited to theancient period.

B.Religious sculpture was created in mostperiods, but its history is less clear than that of stone wares or porcelainsbecause some old forms continued to be used even when new ones were developed.

C.While stone wares and porcelains changedthroughout history, religious sculpture remained uniform in form and use.

D.The historical development of religioussculpture is relatively unclear because religious sculptures sometimes resembleearthenware architectural ornaments.

5.Paragraph 3 supports all of the followingconcerning the history of the ceramic industry in China EXCEPT:

A.The earliest high-fired ceramics were ofpoor quality.

B. Ceramics produced during the Tang andMing dynasties sometimes incorporated multiple colors.

Earthenware ceramics were produced in Chinabefore stone wares were.

D.The Song dynasty period was notable forthe production of high quality porcelain ceramics.

6.The word “instigate” in thepassage(Paragraph 4)is closest in meaning to

A.improved

B.investigated

C. narrowed

D.caused

7.According to paragraph 4, one consequenceof the trade of Chinese ceramics was

A. the transfer of a distinctive bluepigment from China to the Middle East

B.an immediate change from earthenwareproduction to porcelain production in European countries

C.Chinese production of wares made for theEuropean market

D.a decreased number of porcelain vesselsavailable on the European market

8.The word “whereas” in thepassage(Paragraph 5)is closest in meaning to

A. while

B. previously

C.surprisingly

D.because

9.In paragraph 5, the author compares thedesigns on Chinese pots to those on Greek pots in order to

A.emphasize that while Chinese pots weredecorative, Greek pots were functional

B.argue that the designs on Chinese potshad specific meanings and were not just decorative

C.argue that twentieth-century scholars arebetter able to understand these designs than were ancient scholars

D.explain how scholars have identified themeaning of specific images on Chinese pots

10.Which of the following is mentioned inparagraph 5 as being symbolically represented on Chinese ceramics?

A.Chinese rulers

B. love of homeland

C. loyally to friends

D. success in trade

11.Paragraph 5 suggests which of thefollowing about the decorations on Chinese pottery?

A.They had more importance for aristocratsthan for ordinary citizens.

B.Their significance may have remainedclear had the Chinese not come under foreign influence.

C.They contain some of the same images thatappear on Greek pots

D.Their significance is now as clear totwentieth century observers as it was to the early Chinese.

12.The word “these” in the passage(Paragraph6)refers to

A.religious ceremonies

B. descriptions

C.types of ware

D.pots

13. Look at the four squares [■]thatindicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Wherecould the sentence best fit? Foreign trade was also responsible for certaininnovations in coloring.

Trade between the West and the settled andprosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies.One of the most far-reaching examples is the impact of the fine ninth-centuryAD. Chinese porcelain wares imported into the Arab world. ■【A】So admiredwere these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made inimitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of theirmanufacture. ■【B】From the Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment—a purifiedform of cobalt oxide unobtainable at that time in China—thatcontained only a low level of manganese. Cobalt ores found in China have a highmanganese content, which produces a more muted blue-gray color. ■【C】In theseventeenth century, the trading activities of the Dutch East India Companyresulted in vast quantities of decorated Chinese porcelain being brought toEurope, which stimulated and influenced the work of a wide variety of wares,notably Delft. ■【D】The Chinese themselves adapted many specific vessel forms from theWest, such as bottles with long spouts, and designed a range of decorativepatterns especially for the European market.

14. Directions: An introductory sentencefor a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary byselecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in thepassage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideasthat not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. Thisquestion is worth 2 points.

Ceramics have been produced in China for avery long time.

A.The Chinese produced earthenware,stoneware, and porcelain pottery and they used their ceramics for a variety ofutilitarian, architectural, and ceremonial purposes.

B. The shape and decoration of ceramicsproduced for religious use in China were influenced by Chinese ceramicsproduced for export.

C.As a result of trade relations, Chineseceramic production changed and Chinese influenced the ceramics production ofother countries.

D. Chinese burial ceramics have the longestand most varied history of production and were frequently decorated withwritten texts that help scholars date them.

E.Before China had contact with the West,the meaning of various designs used to decorate Chinese ceramics was wellunderstood.

F.Ceramics made in imperial factories wereused in both religious and non-religious contexts.

托福阅读答案

1.status状态，地位，所以B的importance重要性，地位正确。

托福tpo59阅读

为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面我给大家带来托福阅读TPO13(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Types of Social Groups，希望大家喜欢!

托福阅读原文

Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction—and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.

People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.

Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.

A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests.

Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.

Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is.

Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from our behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them.

托福阅读试题

1.The word “complex”(Paragraph 1)in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.delicate

B.elaborate

C.private

D.common

2.According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of a relationship?

A. It is a structure of associations with many people.

B. It should be studied in the course of a social interaction.

C. It places great demands on people.

D. It develops gradually overtime.

3.The word endowing in the passage(Paragraph 2)is closest in meaning to

A.leaving

B.exposing

C. providing

D. understanding

4.Which of the following can be inferred about instrumental ties from the author's mention of working with competitors in paragraph 2?

A. Instrumental ties can develop even in situations in which people would normally not cooperate.

B.Instrumental ties require as much emotional investment as expressive ties.

C. Instrumental ties involve security, love, and acceptance.

D.Instrumental ties should be expected to be significant.

5.According to paragraph 3, what do sociologists see as the main difference between primary and secondary groups?

A.Primary groups consist of people working together, while secondary groups exist outside of work settings.

B. In primary groups people are seen as means, while in secondary groups people are seen as ends.

C. Primary groups involve personal relationships, while secondary groups are mainly practical in purpose.

D.Primary groups are generally small, while secondary groups often contain more than two people.

6.Which of the following can be inferred from the author's claim in paragraph 3 that primary group relationships sometimes evolve out of secondary group relationships?

A.Secondary group relationships begin by being primary group relationships.

B.A secondary group relationship that is highly visible quickly becomes a primary group relationship.

C.Sociologists believe that only primary group relationships are important to society.

D. Even in secondary groups, frequent communication serves to bring people into close relationships.

7.The phrase “size up” in the passage(Paragraph 4)is closest in meaning to

A.enlarge

B.evaluate

C. impress

D. accept

8.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence(Paragraph 5)in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.Sociologists think that cultural patterns establish connections between the individual and the larger society.

B.Sociologists believe that individuals with a sense of oneness bridge the gap between society and primary groups.

C.Sociologists think primary groups contribute to social solidarity because they help maintain a society's cultural patterns.

D.Sociologists believe that the cultural patterns that provide social solidarity arise as bridges from primary groups.

9.This passage is developed primarily by

A.drawing comparisons between theory and practice

B.presenting two opposing theories

C.defining important concepts and providing examples of them

D.discussing causes and their effects

10.The word “deviate” in the passage(Paragraph 7)is closest in meaning to

A.detract

B.advance

C.select

D.depart

11.According to paragraph 7, why would a social group use shunning?

A.To enforce practice of the kinds of behavior acceptable to the group

B.To discourage offending individuals from remaining in the group

C.To commend and reward the behavior of the other members of the group

D.To decide which behavioral norms should be passed on to the next generation

12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. People who do not live alone, for example, tend to make healthier life choices and develop fewer pathologies than people who live by themselves. Where would the sentence best fit?

Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. ■【A】Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. ■【B】Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. ■【C】For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is. ■【D】

13.Directions: Complete the table below by selecting three answer choices that are characteristics of primary groups and two answer choices that are characteristics of secondary groups. This question is worth 3 points.

A.Developing socially acceptable behavior

B. Working together against competitors

C.Experiencing pressure from outside forces

D.Viewing people as a means to an end

E.Existing for practical purposes

F.Providing meaning for life situations

G.Involving close relationships

1 )

Primary Groups

A B C D E F G

2 )

Secondary Groups

A B C D E F G

托福阅读答案

1.complex复杂的，所以B的elaborate正确。

托福tpo阅读解析

TPO是我们常用的托福模考工具，对我们的备考很有价值，下面我给大家带来托福阅读TPO20(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:Fossil Preservation。

托福阅读原文

【1】When one considers the many ways by which organisms are completely destroyed after death, it is remarkable that fossils are as common as they are. Attack by scavengers and bacteria, chemical decay, and destruction by erosion and other geologic agencies make the odds against preservation very high. However, the chances of escaping complete destruction are vastly improved if the organism happens to have a mineralized skeleton and dies in a place where it can be quickly buried by sediment. Both of these conditions are often found on the ocean floors, where shelled invertebrates (organisms without spines) flourish and are covered by the continuous rain of sedimentary particles. Although most fossils are found in marine sedimentary rocks, they also are found in terrestrial deposits left by streams and lakes. On occasion, animals and plants have been preserved after becoming immersed in tar or quicksand, trapped in ice or lava flows, or engulfed by rapid falls of volcanic ash.

【2】The term "fossil" often implies petrifaction, literally a transformation into stone. After the death of an organism, the soft tissue is ordinarily consumed by scavengers and bacteria. The empty shell of a snail or clam may be left behind, and if it is sufficiently durable and resistant to dissolution, it may remain basically unchanged for a long period of time. Indeed, unaltered shells of marine invertebrates are known from deposits over 100 million years old. In many marine creatures, however, the skeleton is composed of a mineral variety of calcium carbonate called aragonite. Although aragonite has the same composition as the more familiar mineral known as calcite, it has a different crystal form, is relatively unstable, and in time changes to the more stable calcite.

【3】Many other processes may alter the shell of a clam or snail and enhance its chances for preservation. Water containing dissolved silica, calcium carbonate, or iron may circulate through the enclosing sediment and be deposited in cavities such as marrow cavities and canals in bone once occupied by blood vessels and nerves. In such cases, the original composition of the bone or shell remains, but the fossil is made harder and more durable. This addition of a chemically precipitated substance into pore spaces is termed "permineralization."

【4】Petrifaction may also involve a simultaneous exchange of the original substance of a dead plant or animal with mineral matter of a different composition. This process is termed " replacement" because solutions have dissolved the original material and replaced it with an equal volume of the new substance. Replacement can be a marvelously precise process, so that details of shell ornamentation, tree rings in wood, and delicate structures in bone are accurately preserved.

【5】Another type of fossilization, known as carbonization, occurs when soft tissues are preserved as thin films of carbon. Leaves and tissue of soft-bodied organisms such as jellyfish or worms may accumulate, become buried and compressed, and lose their volatile constituents. The carbon often remains behind as a blackened silhouette.

【6】Although it is certainly true that the possession of hard parts enhances the prospect of preservation, organisms having soft tissues and organs are also occasionally preserved. Insects and even small invertebrates have been found preserved in the hardened resins of conifers and certain other trees. X-ray examination of thin slabs of rock sometimes reveals the ghostly outlines of tentacles, digestive tracts, and visual organs of a variety of marine creatures. Soft parts, including skin, hair, and viscera of ice age mammoths, have been preserved in frozen soil or in the oozing tar of oil seeps.

【7】The probability that actual remains of soft tissue will be preserved is improved if the organism dies in an environment of rapid deposition and oxygen deprivation. Under such conditions, the destructive effects of bacteria are diminished. The Middle Eocene Messel Shale (from about 48 million years ago) of Germany accumulated in such an environment. The shale was deposited in an oxygen-deficient lake where lethal gases sometimes bubbled up and killed animals. Their remains accumulated on the floor of the lake and were then covered by clay and silt. Among the superbly preserved Messel fossils are insects with iridescent exoskeletons (hard outer coverings), frogs with skin and blood vessels intact, and even entire small mammals with preserved fur and soft tissue.

托福阅读试题

1.The word "agencies" in the passage (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to

A.combinations.

B.problems.

C.forces.

D.changes.

2.In paragraph 1, what is the author's purpose in providing examples of how organisms are destroyed?

A.To emphasize how surprising it is that so many fossils exist.

B.To introduce a new geologic theory of fossil preservation.

C.To explain why the fossil record until now has remained incomplete.

D.To compare how fossils form on land and in water.

3.The word "terrestrial" in the passage (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to

A.land.

B.protected.

C.alternative.

D.similar.

4.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage (paragraph 2)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.When snail or clam shells are left behind, they must be empty in order to remain durable and resist dissolution.

B.Although snail and clam shells are durable and resist dissolving, over time they slowly begin to change.

C.Although the soft parts of snails or clams dissolve quickly, their hard shells resist dissolution for a long time.

D.Empty snail or clam shells that are strong enough not to dissolve may stay in their original state for a long time.

5.Why does the author mention "aragonite" in the passage (paragraph 2)?

A.To emphasize that some fossils remain unaltered for millions of years.

B.To contrast fossil formation in organisms with soft tissue and in organisms with hard shells.

C.To explain that some marine organisms must undergo chemical changes in order to fossilize.

D.To explain why fossil shells are more likely to survive than are fossil skeletons.

6.The word "enhance" in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to

A.control.

B.limit.

C.combine.

D.increase.

7.Which of the following best explains the process of permineralization mentioned in paragraph 3?

A.Water containing calcium carbonate circulates through a shell and deposits sediment.

B.Liquid containing chemicals hardens an already existing fossil structure.

C.Water passes through sediment surrounding a fossil and removes its chemical content.

D.A chemical substance enters a fossil and changes its shape.

8.The word "precise" in the passage (paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to

A.complex.

B.quick.

C.exact.

D.reliable.

9.Paragraph 5 suggests which of the following about the carbonization process?

A.It is completed soon after an organism dies.

B.It does not occur in hard-shell organisms.

C.It sometimes allows soft-tissued organisms to be preserved with all their parts.

D.It is a more precise process of preservation than is replacement.

10.The word "prospect" in the passage (paragraph 6) is closest in meaning to

A.completion.

B.variety.

C.possibility.

D.speed.

11.According to paragraph 7, how do environments containing oxygen affect fossil preservation?

A.They increase the probability that soft-tissued organisms will become fossils.

B.They lead to more bacteria production.

C.They slow the rate at which clay and silt are deposited.

D.They reduce the chance that animal remains will be preserved.

12.According to paragraph 7， all of the following assist in fossil preservation EXCEPT

A.the presence of calcite in an organism's skeleton.

B.the presence of large open areas along an ocean floor.

C.the deposition of a fossil in sticky substances such as sap or tar.

D.the rapid burial of an organism under layers of silt.

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to insert the sentence in the passage. But the evidence of past organic life is not limited to petrifaction. ■【A】Another type of fossilization, known as carbonization, occurs when soft tissues are preserved as thin films of carbon. ■【B】Leaves and tissue of soft-bodied organisms such as jellyfish or worms may accumulate, become buried and compressed, and lose their volatile constituents. ■【C】The carbon often remains behind as a blackened silhouette.■【D】

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. The remains of ancient life are amazingly well preserved in the form of fossils.

A.Environmental characteristics like those present on ocean floors increase the likelihood that plant and animal fossils will occur.

B.Fossils are more likely to be preserved in shale deposits than in deposits of clay and silt.

C.The shells of organisms can be preserved by processes of chemical precipitation or mineral exchange.

D.Freezing enables the soft parts of organisms to survive longer than the hard parts.

E.Comparatively few fossils are found in the terrestrial deposits of streams and lakes.

F.Thin films of carbon may remain as an indication of soft tissue or actual tissue may be preserved if exposure to bacteria is limited.

托福阅读答案

1.agency代理，中介，作用，所以答案是force，选C。

以上就是托福tpo阅读原文的全部内容，托福TPO1阅读真题Part3原文翻译 山上树带界线的植被 通常从山坡上的森林到没有树的苔原是一种非常戏剧化的转变。在一个垂直距离只有几十米的地方,树木这种生命形式就消失了,取而代之的是低矮的灌木、草本植物和牧草。内容来源于互联网，信息真伪需自行辨别。如有侵权请联系删除。