aggression托福阅读？aggression是托福阅读OG第四篇。这个文章非常清楚地用黑体字标注出了三种研究方法，分别是The Biological Approach和The Psychodynamic Approach以及The Cognitive Approach，至此文章结构一目了然，那么，aggression托福阅读？一起来了解一下吧。

aggression怎么读

一、托福阅读词汇题答题要求及出题形式

托福阅读词汇题要求考生确定文章中个别单词或短语的具体意思(一个单词可能会有多个意思，但是在阅读文章中只有一个意思与原文相符)，在文章中被考到的单词或短语会被用阴影标示出来。词汇类问题是很容易辨认的，问题的提问形式如下：

The word “X” in the passage is closest in meaning to……

The phrase “X” in the passage is closest in meaning to……

In stating “X”, the author means that……

二、 托福阅读词汇题解题技巧及例题解析

词汇题并不仅仅是考查一个单词的基本意思，而是考查该词在文章上下文中的意思。不要仅仅因为某个选项符合该单词的某一个正确意思就将其作为正确选项。要理解作者在文章上下文中使用了哪一个词义。解答词汇题可分为两个步骤：第一，猜测单词的意思;第二，带入原文验证。下面我们通过一道例题来看一下如何解答托福阅读词汇题。

1. 猜测单词的意思

(1)根据词根词缀来猜测

例：Theorists adopting the psychodynamic approach hold that inner conflicts

are crucial for understanding human behavior, including aggression. Sigmund

Freud, for example, believed that aggressive impulses are inevitable reactions

to the frustrations of daily life.

The word “inevitable” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. unavoidable

B. regrettable

C. controllable

D. unsuitable

解析：本题考查的单词是"inevitable"，如果考生不知道这个单词的意思，就可以根据词根词缀的知识来猜测。

托福阅读aggression翻译

aggression是托福阅读OG第四篇。

这个文章非常清楚地用黑体字标注出了三种研究方法，分别是The Biological Approach和The Psychodynamic Approach以及The Cognitive Approach，至此文章结构一目了然，同学们可以很清楚知道文章分成了三个部分，每一部分之间是并列关系。

问题解决方法结构，典型文章是Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer，前四段介绍了Ogallala含水层的发现以及使用过度带来的问题，后两段就开始介绍治理的方法。

aggression的结构

托福阅读中aggression，开头第一段交代了：

When one animal attacks another, it engages in the most obvious example of aggressive behavior.

Psychologists have adopted several approaches to understanding aggressive behavior in people.

翻译：当一种动物攻击另一种动物时，它会做出最明显的攻击行为。

托福阅读真题

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When one animal attacks another, it engages in the most obvious example of aggressive behavior. Psychologists have adopted several approaches to understanding aggressive behavior in people.

The Biological Approach. Numerous biological structures and chemicals appear to be involved in aggression. One is the hypothalamus, a region of the brain. In response to certain stimuli, many animals show instinctive aggressive reactions. The hypothalamus appears to be involved in this inborn reaction pattern: electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many animals. In people, however, whose brains are more complex, other brain structures apparently moderate possible instincts.

An offshoot of the biological approach called sociobiology suggests that aggression is natural and even desirable for people. Sociobiology views much social behavior, including aggressive behavior, as genetically determined. Consider Darwin's theory of evolution. Darwin held that many more individuals are produced than can find food and survive into adulthood. A struggle for survival follows. Those individuals who possess characteristics that provide them with an advantage in the struggle for existence are more likely to survive and contribute their genes to the next generation. In many species, such characteristics include aggressiveness. Because aggressive individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce, whatever genes are linked to aggressive behavior are more likely to be transmitted to subsequent generations.

The sociobiology view has been attacked on numerous grounds. One is that people's capacity to outwit other species, not their aggressiveness, appears to be the dominant factor in human survival. Another is that there is too much variation among people to believe that they are dominated by, or at the mercy of, aggressive impulses.

The Psychodynamic Approach. Theorists adopting the psychodynamic approach hold that inner conflicts are crucial for understanding human behavior, including aggression. Sigmund Freud, for example, believed that aggressive impulses are inevitable reactions to the frustrations of daily life. Children normally desire to vent aggressive impulses on other people, including their parents, because even the most attentive parents cannot gratify all of their demands immediately. Yet children, also fearing their parents' punishment and the loss of parental love, come to repress most aggressive impulses. The Freudian perspective, in a sense: sees us as "steam engines." By holding in rather than venting "steam," we set the stage for future explosions. Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents in indirect ways such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangers later in life.

According to psychodynamic theory, the best ways to prevent harmful aggression may be to encourage less harmful aggression. In the steam-engine analogy, verbal aggression may vent some of the aggressive steam. So might cheering on one's favorite sports team. Psychoanalysts, therapists adopting a psychodynamic approach, refer to the venting of aggressive impulses as "catharsis." Catharsis is theorized to be a safety valve. But research findings on the usefulness of catharsis are mixed. Some studies suggest that catharsis leads to reductions in tension and a lowered likelihood of future aggression. Other studies, however, suggest that letting some steam escape actually encourages more aggression later on.

The Cognitive Approach. Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations and by choice. For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime-are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.

One cognitive theory suggests that aggravating and painful events trigger unpleasant feelings. These feelings, in turn, can lead to aggressive action, but not automatically. Cognitive factors intervene. People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on the basis of factors such as their experiences with aggression and their interpretation of other people's motives. Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people often distort other people's motives. For example, they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not.

Catharsis: In psychodynamic theory, the purging of strong emotions or the relieving of tensions.

Paragraph 2: The Biological Approach. Numerous biological structures and chemicals appear to be involved in aggression. One is the hypothalamus, a region of the brain. In response to certain stimuli, many animals show instinctive aggressive reactions. The hypothalamus appears to be involved in this inborn reaction pattern: electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many animals. In people, however, whose brains are more complex, other brain structures apparently moderate possible instincts.

1. According to paragraph 2, what evidence indicates that aggression in animals is related to the hypothalamus?

○Some aggressive animal species have a highly developed hypothalamus.

○Artificial stimulation of the hypothalamus results in aggression in animals.

○Animals behaving aggressively show increased activity in the hypothalamus.

○Animals who lack a hypothalamus display few aggressive tendencies.

Paragraph 3: An offshoot of the biological approach called sociobiology suggests that aggression is natural and even desirable for people. Sociobiology views much social behavior, including aggressive behavior, as genetically determined. Consider Darwin's theory of evolution. Darwin held that many more individuals are produced than can find food and survive into adulthood. A struggle for survival follows. Those individuals who possess characteristics that provide them with an advantage in the struggle for existence are more likely to survive and contribute their genes to the next generation. In many species, such characteristics include aggressiveness. Because aggressive individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce, whatever genes are linked to aggressive behavior are more likely to be transmitted to subsequent generations.

2. According to Darwin's theory of evolution, members of a species are forced to struggle for survival because

○Not all individuals are skilled in finding food ○Individuals try to defend their young against attackers

○Many more individuals are born than can survive until the age of reproduction ○Individuals with certain genes are more likely to reach adulthood

Paragraph 5: The Psychodynamic Approach. Theorists adopting the psychodynamic approach hold that inner conflicts are crucial for understanding human behavior, including aggression. Sigmund Freud, for example, believed that aggressive impulses are inevitable reactions to the frustrations of daily life. Children normally desire to vent aggressive impulses on other people, including their parents, because even the most attentive parents cannot gratify all of their demands immediately. Yet children, also fearing their parents' punishment and the loss of parental love, come to repress most aggressive impulses. The Freudian perspective, in a sense: sees us as "steam engines." By holding in rather than venting "steam," we set the stage for future explosions. Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents in indirect ways such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangers later in life.

我希望以上的解答能为您的留学规划添砖加瓦。

aggression

这个问题我觉得也是B，至少我觉得B完全没有错误的地方

它就是一个evidence

反观C，我觉得C并没有在原文中表述出来，第一段中没有写

当动物有攻击性行为的时候，在H这个区域有增强的活动

aggressiontpo

托福阅读考试需要掌握好做题技巧，分析文章结构就是一种技巧，下面我来教教你怎么做。

托福阅读从理解文章结构开始

新托福考试(简称iBT)阅读部分考试时间为60-100分钟，共有39-42题。文章数量在3-5篇。根据2009年上半年的阅读部分的命题趋势，总体给考生的一个感觉就是阅读越来越难，难度直逼GRE。所以以至于许多考生闻阅读扼腕叹息，闻阅读节节败退。由于阅读时托福考试的第一个部分，所以阅读考试的成败决定着考生接下来几个部分考试的心理状态。

有许多学员这么和我说，老托的阅读要比新托简单得多，甚至不看文章也能做对题。其实不然。我们知道，原来老托是350字一篇文章，10分钟。现在新托是700字左右一篇文章，20分钟内完成12-14题。按照时间比例来说，时间对考生是绰绰有余的。但是为什么众多考生还是会有这样的感觉呢?

问题就出在托福的题目上，现在新托福阅读的题目四个选项长度呈不断加长趋势。有很多考生用在理解题目和选项的时间就远远超过答题时间。这样的话就直接影响了后面题目的答题质量。假如出现阅读加试，很多考生就一个头两个大了。

这主要还是因为考生在预备新托福阅读考试过程中太注重技巧的提炼，而忘记了学习英语最根本的还是在对语言的把握上。

以上就是aggression托福阅读的全部内容，对于“steam engines”的解释为By holding in rather than venting "steam," we set the stage for future explosions.这一句。B项对应的是对于“steam engines”的解释，而题干中make the point that表示作者想表达的内容。内容来源于互联网，信息真伪需自行辨别。如有侵权请联系删除。