geothermal energy托福阅读？那么什么是小举例呢，看看TPO21的geothermal energy那篇吧，最后一题的D选项说到一个experiment，好吧，木有看到呀，杀掉，太细节的东西了。但是如果总结性内容为了说得更加透彻，会引入一两个例子，引入的时候用such as，这样的话问题不大，因为主体内容是文章主题，这就没问题。那么，geothermal energy托福阅读？一起来了解一下吧。

托福考原题的概率大吗

可以看出for example是个插入语，而把插入语插在句子中间，把句子隔断，这样原句不会显得冗长。便于理解，你可以把for example遮住不看或者像你写的那样提到前面。

geothermal energy的定义

为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面我给大家带来托福阅读TPO24(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:Breathing During Sleep，希望大家喜欢!

托福阅读原文

【1】Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in respiratory control are most dramatic. Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they function. Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep, making the contractions of the diaphragm more important. Yet because of the physics of lying down, the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job. However, there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep.

【2】During wakefulness, breathing is controlled by two interacting systems. The first is an automatic, metabolic system whose control is centered in the brain stem. It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), and the acid-base ratio in the blood. The second system is the voluntary, behavioral system. Its control center is based in the forebrain, and it regulates breathing for use in speech, singing, sighing, and so on. It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic, metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing.

【3】During NREM (the phase of sleep in which there is no rapid eye movement) breathing becomes deeper and more regular, but there is also a decrease in the breathing rate, resulting in less air being exchanged overall. This occurs because during NREM sleep the automatic, metabolic system has exclusive control over breathing and the body uses less oxygen and produces less carbon dioxide. Also, during sleep the automatic metabolic system is less responsive to carbon dioxide levels and oxygen levels in the blood. Two things result from these changes in breathing control that occur during sleep. First, there may be a brief cessation or reduction of breathing when falling asleep as the sleeper waxes and wanes between sleep and wakefulness and their differing control mechanisms. Second, once sleep is fully obtained, there is an increase of carbon dioxide and a decrease of oxygen in the blood that persists during NREM.

【4】But that is not all that changes. During all phases of sleep, several changes in the air passages have been observed. It takes twice as much effort to breathe during sleep because of greater resistance to airflow in the airways and changes in the efficiency of the muscles used for breathing. Some of the muscles that help keep the upper airway open when breathing tend to become more relaxed during sleep, especially during REM (the phase of sleep in which there is rapid eye movement). Without this muscular action, inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon—the narrow passages tend to collapse. Also there is a regular cycle of change in resistance between the two sides of the nose. If something blocks the "good" side, such as congestion from allergies or a cold, then resistance increases dramatically. Coupled with these factors is the loss of the complex interactions among the muscles that can change the route of airflow from nose to mouth.

【5】Other respiratory regulating mechanisms apparently cease functioning during sleep. For example, during wakefulness there is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort when inhaling is made more difficult (such as breathing through a restrictive face mask). This reflexive adjustment is totally absent during NREM sleep. Only after several inadequate breaths under such conditions, resulting in the considerable elevation of carbon dioxide and reduction of oxygen in the blood, is breathing effort adjusted. Finally, the coughing reflex in reaction to irritants in the airway produces not a cough during sleep but a cessation of breathing. If the irritation is severe enough, a sleeping person will arouse, clear the airway, then resume breathing and likely return to sleep.

【6】Additional breathing changes occur during REM sleep that are even more dramatic than the changes that occur during NREM. The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM than NREM because, although breathing is more rapid in REM,it is also more irregular, with brief episodes of shallow breathing or absence of breathing. In addition, breathing during REM depends much more on the action of the diaphragm and much less on rib cage action.

托福阅读试题

1.According to paragraph 1, which of the following can be inferred about the diaphragm during sleep?

A.During sleep the diaphragm requires increased movement of the rib cage.

B.The diaphragm helps with breathing as movements of the rib cage decrease during sleep.

C.The diaphragm requires a great amount of pressure to function properly.

D.The diaphragm contributes to the effective functioning of the rib cage.

2.According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the voluntary breathing system EXCEPT:

A.It has its control center in the brain stem.

B.It controls breathing for a number of activities during wakefulness.

C.It is able to bypass the automatic system.

D.It produces an irregular breathing pattern.

3.The word exclusive in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to

A.consistent

B.perfect

C.partial

D.sole

4.According to paragraph 3, which of the following may occur just before NREM sleep begins?

A.The automatic, metabolic system may increase its dependence on air exchanges.

B.Breathing can stop for a short time as a person falls asleep.

C.An increase in the oxygen level in the blood can occur as sleep becomes fully obtained.

D.The level of carbon dioxide in the blood may drop suddenly.

5.What is the author's purpose in stating that inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon?(in paragraph 4)

A.To refute the argument that additional effort is necessary for breathing during sleep.

B.To argue that REM sleep is more important than NREM sleep.

C.To illustrate the difficulty of breathing during sleep.

D.To illustrate how blockage of narrow passages can be prevented during sleep.

6.All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as being characteristic of breathing during sleep EXCEPT

A.relaxation of the muscles involved in the respiratory system.

B.changes in resistance between the two sides of the nose.

C.easier airflow in the passages of the upper airway.

D.absence of certain complex muscle interactions.

7.According to paragraph 5, what happens during NREM sleep when inhaling is difficult?

A.There is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort.

B.The sleeping person takes several inadequate breaths before the breathing effort is adjusted.

C.The coughing reflex causes the breathing effort to adjust.

D.The airways become cleared as the blood removes irritants.

8.It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that a very mild irritation during sleep will likely cause the sleeping person to

A.increase the breathing effort.

B.wake up and remove the source of irritation.

C.cough while still sleeping.

D.stop breathing temporarily while still sleeping.

9.The word considerable (paragraph 5)meaning to

A.significant.

B.Steady.

C.Usual.

D.necessary.

10.The word resume in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to

A.reduce.

B.stop.

C.readjust.

D.restart.

11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage (paragraph 6)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.Because breathing is more shallow and irregular in REM than in NREM, less air is exchanged in REM.

B.Breathing in NREM is less effective than breathing in REM because of irregular episodes of rapid breathing during NREM.

C.Because breathing is more rapid in NREM sleep than in REM sleep, breathing often becomes shallow.

D.Although REM has brief episodes of shallow breathing or lack of breathing, breathing is more rapid than in NREM.

12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. To better understand breathing during sleep, it is, however, helpful to first understand how respiration works in general.

paragraph1: Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in respiratory control are most dramatic. Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they function. Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep, making the contractions of the diaphragm more important. [■]【A】 Yet because of the physics of lying down, the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job. [■]【B】 However, there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep.

paragraph2: [■]【C】 During wakefulness, breathing is controlled by two interacting systems. [■]【D】The first is an automatic, metabolic system whose control is centered in the brain stem. It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), and the acid-base ratio in the blood. The second system is the voluntary, behavioral system. Its control center is based in the forebrain, and it regulates breathing for use in speech, singing, sighing, and so on. It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic, metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing.

13.Directions: From the seven statements below, select the statements that correctly characterize breathing during wakefulness and those statements that correctly characterize breathing during sleep. Drag each answer choice you select into the appropriate box of the table. Two of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.

A.The role of the rib cage increases and the role of the diaphragm decreases.

B.Carbon dioxide in blood rises and oxygen drops.

C.The coughing reflex is extremely complex.

D.A great deal of effort is used for breathing.

E.Upper airways are resistant to colds and allergies.

F.There is a drop in the volume of air that is exchanged.

G.Automatic and voluntary respiratory systems are both involved.

1 )

Wakefulne

A B C D E F G

2 )

Sleep

A B C D E F G

托福阅读答案

1.以diaphragm做关键词定位至第三句和第四句，说ribcage运动变少，使得diaphragm更重要，但stomach的压力使得diaphragm工作起来更困难，B是正确答案。

托福阅读

托福阅读六选三是大多数托福阅读的最后一个题目，按照中国考试的“潜规则”来说，这个题目的难度是最大的。很多考生到了这一关的时候所剩时间不多，加之这类型题目又是需要联系文章并且总揽全局，所以成就了这个题目带来的各种悲伤。

但是话说回来，题目难度真心不大，说破大天就是各种事实信息题加和在一起的结果，因此按照常规方法来说，就是定位找对应。说起来特别简单，但是时间本来就不多了，如何破？下面小马过河的老师就来为大家分析一下这种让人头大却不那么难的题型

托福阅读六选三题目的英文是Prose Summary，即文章小结题，因此我们找到选项一定要具有概括性，要么就能概括整段，要么就多概括几段甚至全篇，本来印刷成本就够高的了，还整那么多修饰或者具体到不能再具体的点吗？因此修饰成分、具体举例成分就是这个题目的弱点所在。之后我们就要了解一下这种题目的弱点和硬伤了。6个选项传达很多信息了，当你把这些信息汇总之后，你就会发现共性是一直都在的，只是我们没有挖掘出来，一旦将共性找出，题目的难度便会瞬间降低。那么共性在哪里呢？很简单，错误选项的设置以及错误选项的特点。因此接下来，和大家share一下哪些选项我们可以从一上来就列为错误选项范畴~~

首先，我们先看一下TPO19-1，罗马军队这一篇的最后一题的C和D

C：By recruiting unemployed young men for its auxiliary units， the armymade it possible for them to stay in their hometowns and provide financialsupport for their families.

D：The forts contributedto the quality of local crafts by bringing in artisans from distant places whobrought with them new skills and techniques.

重要的部分都是by带的一大坨，而大家想想看，by这个词是干什么的呢？修饰！修饰的东西一般都不可能是正确答案，理由很简单，ETS的印刷费是要钱的，既然给你印出了这么多修饰，那么就一定要达到迷惑你的目的呀！所以，如果选项中出现了介词短语引导的一大坨修饰，或者定语从句这种本身就是一大坨修饰的东西，基本可以被pass了。

kinetic energy

托福阅读长难句有哪些类型?托福阅读长难句导致很多学生看不懂文章，可以说长难句是考生取得高分的拦路虎，为了让大再托福阅读中拿到优异的成绩，小编今天为大家讲讲托福阅读长难句的类型，大家可以有针对性的复习。

1 修饰成分繁多

e.g. The high cost to investors of developing trade by sea between East and West indicates the great size of the profits that such trade could produce

这种类型在托福阅读句子简化题中常作为考点。他的特点在于有各种修饰成分修饰，让很多考生找不到句子的主要意思，导致考生很难判断整体意思。

首先考生要了解什么是修饰成分,考生才能把这些部分去掉找到句子主干。修饰成分可以分为三大类：

(1)从句：

限于同位语从句，定语从句(形容词性从句)，状语从句(副词性从句)即去掉从句之

后对主干的结构没有影响的从句。这里小编大致介绍一下各类从句，具体请同学们再去翻翻自己的语法书啦.

①同位语从句：是对前面的抽象名词进行解释说明的，被解释说明的词和同位语在逻辑上是主表关系。

以上就是geothermal energy托福阅读的全部内容，在前面的例句中就出现了so…that…的拆分，结合第一种类型去掉修饰成分，原文主干信息即： The heat is replaced so slowly that geothermal energy is not renewable. 热量被替换如此慢以至于地热能不可再生。而有些同学对于so…that…句型不熟悉，以为that引导的是从句，而去掉后面的内容，内容来源于互联网，信息真伪需自行辨别。如有侵权请联系删除。